Social facilitation effects in online coaction: the moderating role of social comparison direction.

Online and face-to-face coactions are widely used work organization modes. This study aims to investigate the effect of social comparison direction on task performance when people coact online. A total of 40 individuals were recruited to participate in a 2 (coaction type: online and face to face) × 3 (social comparison direction: upward, downward and no comparison) × 2 (phase: pre-comparison and post-comparison) within-subject experiment. The participants performed visual search tasks while their response time and search accuracy rates were measured. Results showed that the participants were reported to perform faster when they coacted online than face to face. The upward comparison led to a stronger social facilitation effect than the downward and no comparison directions, either in online or face-to-face coaction. These findings provide practical implications in the design of coaction modes for groups and teams working remotely.

"I didn't know what I could do": Behaviors, knowledge and beliefs, and social facilitation after distal radius fracture.

BACKGROUND: Biomedical models have limitations in explaining and predicting recovery after distal radius fracture (DRF). Variation in recovery after DRF may be related to patients' behaviors and beliefs, factors that can be framed using a lens of self-management. We conceptualized the self-management process using social cognitive theory as reciprocal interactions between behaviors, knowledge and beliefs, and social facilitation. Understanding this process can contribute to needs identification to optimize recovery. PURPOSE: Describe the components of the self-management process after DRF from the patient's perspective. STUDY DESIGN: Qualitative descriptive analysis. METHODS: Thirty-one adults aged 45-72 with a unilateral DRF were recruited from rehabilitation centers and hand surgeons' practices. They engaged in one semi-structured interview 2-4 weeks after discontinuation of full-time wrist immobilization. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive techniques, including codes derived from the data and conceptual framework. Codes and categories were organized using the three components of the self-management process. RESULTS: Participants engaged in medical, role, and emotional management behaviors to address multidimensional sequelae of injury, with various degrees of self-direction. They described limited knowledge of their condition and its medical management, naive beliefs about their expected recovery, and uncertainty regarding safe movement and use of their extremity. They reported informational, instrumental, and emotional support from health care professionals and a broader circle. CONCLUSIONS: Descriptions of multiple domains of behaviors emphasized health-promoting actions beyond adherence to medical recommendations. Engagement in behaviors was reciprocally related to participants' knowledge and beliefs, including illness and pain-related perceptions. The findings highlight relevance of health behavior after DRF, which can be facilitated by hand therapists as part of the social environment. Specifically, hand therapists can assess and address patients' behaviors and beliefs to support optimal recovery.

Social Presence and Social Facilitation in Gambling: Some Comments on Yokomitsu et al. (2022).

This brief commentary adds to the recent study by paper by Yokomitsu, Kono and Takada (2022). Their study examined social presence in gambling by experimentally investigating the effects of the presence of other people on risky betting among high-risk gamblers. This commentary argues that the paper by Yokomitsu et al. provided a highly selective review on available studies and omitted many of the key studies in the area of social presence and social facilitation in which their findings could have been compared. The commentary also briefly outlines a number of studies that have I co-authored in this area over the past three decades using a variety of different methodologies (e.g., non-participant observation studies, experiments, data mining of account-based tracking data), none of which were mentioned by Yokomitsu et al. despite their clear relevance to this area.

Social facilitation of energy intake in adult women is sustained over three days in a crossover laboratory experiment and is not compensated for under free-living conditions.

People eat more when they eat a meal with familiar others than they do when eating alone. However, it is unknown whether eating socially impacts intake over the longer-term. The aim of Study 1 was to examine whether socially facilitated intake is sustained across all meals and across three consecutive days. The aim of Study 2 was to examine whether increased intake during a social meal taken in the laboratory is compensated for under free-living conditions. In Study 1, adult women (n = 26) ate all their meals across three days either with a friend or alone in a counterbalanced cross-over design. In Study 2 adult women (n = 63) consumed a meal in the laboratory either alone or with two friends and then recorded everything they ate and drank for the next three days using electronic food diary software. In Study 1 intake across 3 days was significantly greater in the Social (M = 7310 kcal, SD = 1114) than in the Alone condition (M = 6770 kcal, SD = 974) (F(1,423) = 16.10, p < .001, d = 0.51). In Study 2 participants consumed significantly more in the laboratory when eating with their friends (M = 1209 kcal, SD = 340) than when eating alone (M = 962 kcal, SD = 301) (F(1,63) = 13.28, p = .001, d = 0.77). Analysis of food diary data plus laboratory intake showed that intake remained significantly greater in the Social (M = 6396 kcal, SD = 1470) than in the Alone condition after 4 days (M = 5776 kcal, SD = 1182) (F(1,59) = 5.59, p = .021, d = 0.05). These results show that social facilitation of eating is sustained over three days and suggest that people fail to compensate for the social facilitation of eating.

Oxytocin and the social facilitation of placebo effects.

Significant clinical improvement is often observed in patients who receive placebo treatment in randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials. While a proportion of this "improvement" reflects experimental design limitations (e.g., reliance on subjective outcomes, unbalanced groups, reporting biases), some of it reflects genuine improvement corroborated by physiological change. Converging evidence across diverse medical conditions suggests that clinically-relevant benefits from placebo treatment are associated with the activation of brain reward circuits. In parallel, evidence has accumulated showing that such benefits are facilitated by clinicians that demonstrate warmth and proficiency during interactions with patients. Here, we integrate research on these neural and social aspects of placebo effects with evidence linking oxytocin and social reward to advance a neurobiological account for the social facilitation of placebo effects. This account frames oxytocin as a key mediator of treatment success across a wide-spectrum of interventions that increase social connectedness, thereby providing a biological basis for assessing this fundamental non-specific element of medical care.

The Mediating Role of Parental Factors in the Social Patterning of Smoking among Adolescents in Urban Indonesia.

INTRODUCTION: Parental factors may explain part of the social patterning of smoking among adolescents. This study aims at assessing the association between adolescent smoking and family characteristics (parental education, family wealth, and religion) and the mediating role of parental factors (smoking, control, and permissiveness towards smoking). METHODS: In 2017, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in eight Indonesian cities among 2,393 students aged 13-18 years. Multilevel logistic regression analysis estimated the associations between family characteristics and adolescent smoking. Generalized Structural Equation Models (GSEM) quantified mediation of these associations by parental factors. Analyses were stratified by gender. RESULTS: Smoking prevalence was 35.8% among boys and 2.6% among girls. Odds of smoking were higher among those with lower parental education among boys (low vs. high: OR:1.57, 95%CI:1.01-2.43), but not girls (OR:0.91, 95%CI:0.24-3.43). The association among boys was partially mediated by father's smoking status, parental control, and parental permissiveness towards smoking. High family wealth was associated with higher odds of smoking among girls (poorer vs. wealthier: OR:0.39, 95%CI:0.15-0.99), but not boys (OR:0.76, 95%CI:0.52-1.10). This association among girls was not clearly mediated by parental factors. Religion was not associated with smoking among boys or girls. CONCLUSIONS: In Indonesia's urban settings, inequalities in boys' smoking by educational background may be addressed by measures aimed at supporting lower educated parents to improve parental control and to reduce permissiveness towards smoking.

The social facilitation of eating: why does the mere presence of others cause an increase in energy intake?

There is strong evidence that people eat more when eating with friends and family, relative to when eating alone. This is known as the 'social facilitation of eating'. In this review, we discuss several gaps in the current scientific understanding of this phenomenon, and in doing so, highlight important areas for future research. In particular, we discuss the need for research to establish the longer-term consequences of social eating on energy balance and weight gain, and to examine whether people are aware of social facilitation effects on their own food intake. We also suggest that future research should aim to establish individual and contextual factors that moderate the social facilitation of eating (e.g. sex/gender), and it should clarify how eating socially causes people to eat more. Finally, we propose a novel evolutionary framework in which we suggest that the social facilitation of eating reflects a behavioural strategy that optimises the evolutionary fitness of individuals who share a common food resource.

Repercusiones de jugar sin público en la ventaja local, las decisiones arbitrales y en los componentes del juego / Repercussões de jogar sem público no factor casa, decisões da arbitragem e componentes do jogo / Repercussions of playing without an audience on home advantage, refereeing decisions and game components

La facilitación social determina que la presencia de espectadores en los eventos deportivos es un factor favorable a la hora de jugar en casa. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la diferencia de puntos y goles en función de la presencia o ausencia de multitud, así como estudiar los posibles cambios en las decisiones arbitrales y en el estilo de juego tanto para los equipos locales como para los visitantes ante esta nueva situación generada por la pandemia del COVID-19. La muestra está conformada por los partidos jugados en la temporada 2019-2020 correspondientes a ocho ligas de fútbol europeo: Alemania, España, Italia, Inglaterra y Austria. Los resultados muestran que no hay diferencias significativas entre jugar con público o sin él, excepto en la primera categoría alemana y española. Sin embargo, se observa un aumento en los componentes defensivos y una reducción en los ofensivos en los equipos que juegan en casa sin espectadores. Como consecuencia, también hay cambios en las decisiones de los árbitros quienes asignaron menos faltas y tarjetas para los visitantes, excepto en ambas categorías alemanas y en la austriaca. Estos hallazgos no respaldan de manera generalizada la teoría de la facilitación social, pero sí su relación con la agresividad en los jugadores locales e incluso con las decisiones arbitrales. Las posibles implicaciones conducen especialmente a la preparación psicológica y entrenamiento táctico tanto de jugadores como de árbitros para afrontar encuentros sin público en los estadios. (AU)

Social facilitation determines that the presence of spectators at sporting events is a favorable factor when playing at home. The objective of this research is to analyze the difference in points and goals according to the presence or absence of a crowd, as well as to study the possible changes in refereeing decisions and in the style of playing for both local teams and visitors to this new situation generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample is made up of the games played in the 2019th-2020th season corresponding to eight European football leagues: Germany, Spain, Italy, England and Austria. The results show that there are no significant differences between playing with or without the public, except in the first German and Spanish categories. However, an increase in defensive components and a reduction in offense are observed in teams that played at home without spectators. As a consequence, there are also changes in the referees’ decisions who called fewer fouls and cards for the visitors, except in both the German and Austrian categories. These findings do not support the theory of social facilitation in a generalized way, but they do support its relationship with aggressiveness in local players and even with referee’s decisions. The possible implications lead especially to the psychological preparation and tactical training of both players and referees to face matches without an audience in the stadiums. (AU)

A facilitação social determina que a presença de espectadores em eventos esportivos seja um fator favorável para jogar em casa. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a diferença de pontos e gols em função da presença ou ausência de torcida, bem como estudar as possíveis mudanças nas decisões de arbitragem e no estilo de jogo das equipes locais e dos visitantes deste. nova situação gerada pela pandemia COVID-19. A amostra é composta pelos jogosdisputados na temporada 2019-2020 correspondentes a oito ligas europeias de futebol: Alemanha, Espanha, Itália, Inglaterra e Áustria. Os resultados mostram que não há diferenças significativas entre jogar com ou sem público, exceto nas primeiras categorias alemã e espanhola. Porém, verifica-se um aumento dos componentes defensivos e uma redução do ataque em equipas que jogam em casa sem espectadores. Como consequência, há também mudanças nas decisões dos árbitros que atribuíram menos faltas e cartões aos visitantes, exceto nas categorias alemã e austríaca. Esses achados não apóiam a teoria da facilitação social de forma generalizada, mas apóiam sua relação com a agressividade dos jogadores locais e até mesmo com as decisões do árbitro. As possíveis implicações levam principalmente à preparação psicológica e ao treinamento tático de jogadores e árbitros para enfrentar jogos sem público nos estádios. (AU)

Social facilitation of long-lasting memory is mediated by CO2 in Drosophila.

How social interactions influence cognition is a fundamental question, yet rarely addressed at the neurobiological level. It is well established that the presence of conspecifics affects learning and memory performance, but the neural basis of this process has only recently begun to be investigated. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the presence of other flies improves retrieval of a long-lasting olfactory memory. Here, we demonstrate that this is a composite memory composed of two distinct elements. One is an individual memory that depends on outputs from the α'ß' Kenyon cells (KCs) of the mushroom bodies (MBs), the memory center in the insect brain. The other is a group memory requiring output from the αß KCs, a distinct sub-part of the MBs. We show that social facilitation of memory increases with group size and is triggered by CO2 released by group members. Among the different known neurons carrying CO2 information in the brain, we establish that the bilateral ventral projection neuron (biVPN), which projects onto the MBs, is necessary for social facilitation. Moreover, we demonstrate that CO2-evoked memory engages a serotoninergic pathway involving the dorsal-paired medial (DPM) neurons, revealing a new role for this pair of serotonergic neurons. Overall, we identified both the sensorial cue and the neural circuit (biVPN>αß>DPM>αß) governing social facilitation of memory in flies. This study provides demonstration that being in a group recruits the expression of a cryptic memory and that variations in CO2 concentration can affect cognitive processes in insects.

Does social facilitation affect suckling behaviour in zebras?

Many recent studies show that synchronisation of various behaviours are advantageous for group-living mammals. However, studies on synchronisation of suckling behaviour inmonotocous species are nearly absent. We observed 49 individual foals of three zebra species in Dvur Králové Zoo, and recorded a total of 5 890 suckling bouts, almost one fifth (1 036) of which were synchronised (defined as at least two bouts overlapping at the same time). We found that synchronised suckling bouts lasted longer and were less likely to be terminated by the mother than non-synchronised ones. This is in line with social facilitation theory. In addition the occurrence of synchronised suckling bout differed interspecifically. In plains (Equus quagga) and mountain zebra (E. zebra) the probability of synchronised bouts increased with increasing numbers of foals, whereas the opposite result was found in Grevy's zebra (E. grevyi). We suggest that the interspecific differences may reflect differences in social organisation of respective species as suckling synchronisation rate was higher in species that form nurseries in the wild.

Alligator presence influences colony site selection of long-legged wading birds through large scale facilitative nest protector relationship.

Positive ecological relationships, such as facilitation, are an important force in community organization. The effects of facilitative relationships can be strong enough to cause changes in the distributions of species and in many cases have evolved as a response to predation pressure, however, very little is known about this potential trend in vertebrate facilitative relationships. Predation is an important selective pressure that may strongly influence breeding site selection by nesting birds. The American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) facilitates a safer nesting location for wading birds (Ciconiiformes and Pelecaniformes) by deterring mammalian nest predators from breeding sites. However, alligators do not occur throughout the breeding range of most wading birds, and it is unclear whether alligator presence affects colony site selection. We predicted that nesting wading birds change colony site preferences when alligators are not present to serve as nest protectors. Within the northern fringe of alligator distribution we compared colony characteristics in locations where alligator presence was either likely or unlikely while controlling for availability of habitat. Wading birds preferred islands that were farther from the mainland and farther from landmasses > 5 ha when alligator presence was unlikely compared to when alligators were likely. These findings indicate that wading birds are seeking nesting locations that are less accessible to mammalian predators when alligators are not present, and that this requirement is relaxed when alligators are present. This study illustrates how a landscape-scale difference between realized and fundamental niche can result from a facilitative relationship in vertebrates.

Social facilitation of alcohol subjective effects in adolescents: Associations with subsequent alcohol use.

RATIONALE: Laboratory research in adults indicates that alcohol-related subjective effects are enhanced under some social conditions. However, it is unknown whether this "social facilitation" of alcohol effects occurs in adolescents and is associated with alcohol use in the natural ecology. OBJECTIVES: We examined associations of social facilitation of alcohol-related subjective effects with subsequent alcohol use among a relatively high-risk group of adolescents who reported drinking alcohol both with friends and alone. METHODS: Los Angeles high school students from a prospective study (N = 142; 51% female; 10th graders) completed a baseline survey that assessed alcohol-related "positive" and "negative" subjective effects in two contexts: social (alcohol with friends) and solitary (alcohol alone); social facilitation was calculated as the difference between social and solitary. Students then completed five semi-annual surveys spanning 30 months (2014-2017) assessing 30-day alcohol use (days used, number of drinks, binge drinking). RESULTS: Greater social facilitation of positive effects was significantly associated with greater number of alcohol use days (RR [95% CI] = 1.48 [1.19, 1.82]; p < .001), greater number of drinks (RR [95% CI] = 1.38 [1.14, 1.66]; p = .001), and greater odds of binge drinking (OR [95% CI] = 1.75 [1.20, 2.57]; p = .004). Similar associations were found with social positive effects. There were no significant associations between solitary positive effects-or any negative effects-and alcohol use outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Social facilitation can be measured outside of the laboratory. Relatively high-risk drinking adolescents who are more susceptible to the social facilitation of subjective alcohol effects are more likely to use more alcohol and binge drink.

Neophobia and social facilitation in narrow-striped mongooses.

Social learning is widespread in the animal kingdom, but individuals can differ in how they acquire and use social information. Personality traits, such as neophobia, may, for example, promote individual learning strategies. Here, we contribute comparative data on social learning strategies in carnivorans by examining whether narrow-striped mongooses (Mungotictis decemlineata), a group-living Malagasy euplerid, learn socially and whether neophobia influences social learning. To this end, we tested seven wild female groups with a two-option artificial feeding box, using a demonstrator-observer paradigm, and conducted novel object tests to assess neophobia. In five groups, one individual was trained as a demonstrator displaying one of the techniques, whereas the other two groups served as control groups. Neophobia did not co-vary with an individual's propensity to seek social information. However, less neophobic individuals, and individuals that tended to seek social information, learned the task faster. Moreover, individuals in demonstrator groups learned the task faster than those in groups without a demonstrator and used the demonstrated technique more often. Hence, narrow-striped mongooses rely on social facilitation and local or stimulus enhancement to solve new problems. Finally, our results suggest that several individual characteristics should be taken into consideration to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of social learning strategies.

Impaired social facilitation on voluntary exercise of BALB/cCrSlc mice, a proposed as an autism spectrum disorder model.

Impaired social facilitation was reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children. However, behavioral analysis methods of social facilitation for ASD model have not been reported. We developed a novel breeding home cage for social facilitation. Voluntary exercise of more social C57BL/6 J mice was significantly increased in the presence of observer mouse compared to that in the absence of observer mouse. In contrast, the presence of observer mouse did not affect voluntary exercise of less social BALB/cCrSlc mice. These suggest that BALB/cCrSlc mice, a mouse model of ASD, exhibited impaired social facilitation. Our method would provide novel clues for ASD pathophysiology.

Meanings about participation in a formation of restorative practices / Sentidos sobre a participação em uma capacitação em práticas restaurativas / Sentidos sobre la participación en una formación de prácticas restaurativas

Restorative Justice (JR) involves ethical, philosophical and political principles in understanding human conflicts in different contexts. Considering the importance and scarcity of studies related to the training processes of facilitators in restorative practices, the objective of this study was to understand the meanings produced about participation in these formations. Representatives of each social group enrolled in a training in restorative practices were interviewed. From the thematic analysis of the interviews, the analytical axes "for what," "who" and "how" were created. The results showed that the participants had changes in the quality of listening, communication, and understanding of conflict and punishment. However, the participants were unsure of facilitating restorative circles, which demonstrates the need for more practical exercises. Building the group's conversational context can help align expectations and decrease anxiety levels and dropout rates during the training process.

A Justiça Restaurativa (JR) envolve princípios éticos, filosóficos e políticos na compreensão dos conflitos humanos em diferentes contextos. Considerando a importância e escassez de estudos referentes a processos formativos de facilitadores em práticas restaurativas, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender os sentidos produzidos sobre a participação nessas formações. Entrevistaram-se representantes de cada grupo social inscrito em uma capacitação de práticas restaurativas. A partir da análise temática das entrevistas, foram criados os eixos analíticos "para que", "quem" e "como". Os resultados mostraram que os participantes tiveram mudanças na qualidade da escuta, da comunicação e do entendimento de conflito e punição. Entretanto, os participantes se mostraram inseguros para facilitar os círculos restaurativos, o que demonstra a necessidade de mais exercícios práticos. Realizar a construção do contexto conversacional do grupo pode colaborar para alinhar expectativas e diminuir os níveis de ansiedade e taxa de abandono no decorrer do processo formativo.

La Justicia Restaurativa (JR) involucra principios éticos, filosóficos y políticos en la comprensión de los conflictos humanos en diferentes contextos. Teniendo en cuenta la importancia y la escasez de los estudios relacionados con los procesos de capacitación de los facilitadores en las prácticas restaurativas, el objetivo de este estudio fue comprender los sentidos producidos sobre la participación en estas formaciones. Se entrevistó a representantes de cada grupo social inscrito en una capacitación en prácticas restaurativas. A partir del análisis temático de las entrevistas, se crearon los ejes analíticos "para qué", "quién" y "cómo". Los resultados mostraron que los participantes tuvieron cambios en la calidad de la escucha, la comunicación y la comprensión del conflicto y el castigo. Sin embargo, los participantes no estaban seguros de facilitar los círculos restaurativos, lo que demuestra la necesidad de ejercicios más prácticos. Construir el contexto conversacional del grupo puede ayudar a alinear las expectativas y disminuir los niveles de ansiedad y las tasas de abandono durante el proceso de capacitación.

Understanding Clinicians' Perceived Barriers and Facilitators to Optimal Use of Acute Oxygen Therapy in Adults.

Background: Supplemental oxygen is commonly administered to patients in acute care. It may cause harm when used inappropriately. Guidelines recommend prescription of acute oxygen, yet adherence is poor. We aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to practicing in accordance with the evidence-based Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand (TSANZ) oxygen guideline, and to determine the beliefs and attitudes relating to acute oxygen therapy. Methods: A national cross-sectional survey was conducted. The survey consisted of 3 sections: (1) introduction and participant characteristics; (2) opinion/beliefs, knowledge and actions about oxygen therapy and other drugs; and (3) barriers and facilitators to use of the TSANZ guideline. Convenience sampling was employed. A paper-based survey was distributed at the TSANZ Annual Scientific Meeting. An online survey was emailed to the TSANZ membership and to John Hunter Hospital's clinical staff. Results: Responses were received from 133 clinicians: 52.6% nurses, 30.1% doctors, and 17.3% other clinicians. Over a third (37.7%) were unaware/unsure of the oxygen guideline's existence. Most (79.8%) believe that oxygen is a drug and should be treated as one. Most (92.4%) stated they only administered it based on clinical need. For four hypothetical cases, there was only one where the majority of participants identified the optimal oxygen saturation. A number of barriers and facilitators were identified when asked about practicing in accordance with the TSANZ guideline. Lack of oxygen equipment, getting doctors to prescribe oxygen and oxygen being treated differently to other drugs were seen as barriers. The guideline itself and multiple clinician characteristics were considered facilitators. Conclusion: There is discordance between clinicians' beliefs and actions regarding the administration of oxygen therapy and knowledge gaps about optimal oxygen therapy in acute care. Identified barriers and facilitators should be considered when developing evidence-based guidelines to improve dissemination and knowledge exchange.

Barriers and facilitators for cascade testing in genetic conditions: a systematic review.

Cascade testing is the process of offering genetic counseling and testing to at-risk relatives of an individual who has been diagnosed with a genetic condition. It is critical for increasing the identification rates of individuals with these conditions and the uptake of appropriate preventive health services. The process of cascade testing is highly varied in clinical practice, and a comprehensive understanding of factors that hinder or enhance its implementation is necessary to improve this process. We conducted a systematic review to identify barriers and facilitators for cascade testing and searched PubMed, CINAHL via EBSCO, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for articles published from the databases' inception to November 2018. Thirty articles met inclusion criteria. Barriers and facilitators identified from these studies at the individual-level were organized into the following categories: (1) demographics, (2) knowledge, (3) attitudes, beliefs, and emotional responses of the individual, and (4) perceptions of relatives, relatives' responses, and attitudes toward relatives. At the interpersonal-level, barriers and facilitators were categorized as (1) family communication-, support- and dynamics-, and (2) provider-factors. Finally, barriers at the environmental-level relating to accessibility of genetic services were also identified. Our findings suggest that several individual, interpersonal and environmental factors may play a role in cascade testing. Future studies to further investigate these barriers and facilitators are needed to inform future interventions for improving the implementation of cascade testing for genetic conditions in clinical practice.

Social capital and peer influence of tobacco consumption: a cross-sectional study among household heads in rural Uttar Pradesh, India.

OBJECTIVE: Having the world's second-largest tobacco-consuming population, tobacco control is a priority agenda of the Indian Government. Yet, there is no evidence of how peer influence and nature of social relationships-defined as social capital-affect tobacco use. This study aimed to explore the role of social capital and peer influence on tobacco consumption among household heads in rural Uttar Pradesh (UP), India. DESIGN AND SETTING: This study was embedded within the baseline evaluation of Project Samuday. A cross-sectional multistage cluster survey was implemented in six census blocks of Hardoi and Sitapur districts of UP from June to August 2017. Self-reported tobacco consumption status of randomly selected 6218 household heads (≥18 years; men vs women=5312 vs 906) was assessed from 346 rural communities. Peer influence of tobacco use was measured by the non-self cluster proportion of tobacco consumption among respondents. Community engagement, social support, trust and social cohesion were separately measured as unique facets of social capital both at individual and community levels using the Shortened Adapted Social Capital Assessment Tool in India (SASCAT-I). The explanatory power of covariates was assessed using gender-stratified generalised estimating equations (GEE) with robust-variance estimator. RESULT: Tobacco consumption patterns were starkly different for men and women (71% vs 14%). The peer influence only affected men (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.10, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.16, p<0.01), whereas women were more likely to consume tobacco if they were more engaged with community organisations (AOR=1.33, 95% CI=1.07 to 1.66, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Gender alters the way social engagement affects tobacco use in rural India. Countering peer influence on Indian men should be prioritised as a tobacco control strategy. Moreover, as gender mainstreaming is a critical egalitarian agenda in India, further research is needed to understand how social engagement affects tobacco consumption behaviours among women.

Physical activity and social connectedness interventions in outdoor spaces among children and youth: a rapid review. / Interventions pour favoriser l'activité physique et l'appartenance sociale chez les enfants et les jeunes dans des espaces extérieurs : revue rapide de la littérature.

INTRODUCTION: The rise in sedentary behaviour, coupled with the decline in overall mental health among Canadian children and youth in recent decades, demonstrates a clear need for applied research that focusses on developing and evaluating cross-disciplinary interventions. Outdoor spaces provide opportunities for physical activity and social connectedness, making them an ideal setting to address these critical health concerns among children and youth. METHODS: We conducted a rapid review of peer-reviewed (n = 3096) and grey literature (n = 7) to identify physical activity and/or social connectedness outdoor space interventions targeted at children and youth (19 years and under) in Australia and New Zealand, Canada, Europe and the United States. We determined if interventions were effective by analyzing their research design, confidence intervals and reported limitations, and then conducted a narrative synthesis of the effective interventions. RESULTS: We found 104 unique studies, of which 70 (67%) were determined to be effective. Overall, 55 interventions targeted physical activity outcomes, 10 targeted social connectedness outcomes and 5 targeted both. Play (n = 47) and contact with nature (n = 25) were dominant themes across interventions, with most taking place in a school or park. We report on the identifying features, limitations and implications of these interventions. CONCLUSION: The incorporation of natural and play-focussed elements into outdoor spaces may be effective ways to improve physical activity and social connectedness. There is a considerable need for more Canadian-specific research. Novel methods, such as incorporating smartphone technology into the design and evaluation of these interventions, warrant consideration.

Functions of post-conflict bystander affiliations toward aggressors and victims in bottlenose dolphins.

Post-conflict affiliations initiated by bystanders (bystander affiliation) toward aggressors or victims have been suggested to represent the function of conflict management in some social living species. However, the function of bystander affiliations toward aggressors and victims has not been examined in marine mammals. In the present study, we investigated the function of bystander affiliations to aggressors and victims in bottlenose dolphins: self-protection, the substitute of reconciliation, social facilitation and tension relief of opponents. These bystander affiliations did not reduce post-conflict attacks by former opponents against group members. Bystander affiliation to aggressors tended to be performed by a bystander who had an affiliative relationship with the aggressor but not with the victim. Bystander affiliation to victims also tended to be initiated by a bystander who had an affiliative relationship with the victim but not the aggressor and was close to former opponents at the end of aggressions. Affiliation among group members who stayed near former opponents during aggressions did not increase after aggressions compared to that under control conditions. Renewed aggressions between former opponents decreased after bystander affiliations in our previous study. Bystanders who showed social closeness to former opponents may initiate bystander affiliation toward their affiliative former opponents because they may feel emotion, such as anxiety and excitement, of former opponents. Bystander affiliation toward aggressors and victims may function as tension relief between former opponents. Bystanders of bottlenose dolphins, who may have a relaxed dominant style, might initiate post-conflict affiliation to affiliative individuals unaffected by the dominance relationships among them, unlike despotic species.